Vascular+Plants+(Tracheophytes)

=Vascular Plants (Tracheopytes)=

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· include most modern-day plants · also known as .............................. · appeared about .............................. million years ago · contain .............................................. tissue called .................................. and .............................. which transport ...................................... and .................................... throughout the plant · are well adapted to life on .............................. 1. .............................. -producing plants 2. .............................. producing plants
 * Definition of Vascular Plants **
 * Two types of vascular plants **

**Vascular Plant Type 1. SPORE-PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS (pg. 437) ** 1. Club mosses 2. ........................................ 3. ........................................ · grow mostly in .............................. and on the edges of ..............................  · the smallest and most .............................. types of tracheophytes · the fossilized remains, form .............................. deposits which have been as a source of .............................. for centuries · found mostly in .............................., .............................. environments · over .......................... species of fern can be found from the Arctic to the Tropics · more ........................................................................ than club mosses and horsetails __<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Structure of ferns __ Ø <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">have leaves called .............................. Ø <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">tiny containers on the fronds produce ..............................  Ø <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">have stems under the ground called .............................. __<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Life Cycle __ <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">1. Mature diploid sporophyte plant produces .............................. in tiny containers called .............................. 2. Each haploid spore undergoes .............................. and produces a .............................. gametophyte plant. 3. The gametophyte plant has: Ø <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">.............................. - "female sex organ" which produces an ............................... Ø <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">.............................. - "male sex organ" which produces many ...............................  Ø <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">.............................. must be present for the .............................. to swim to the egg and fertilize it. 4. Once fertilized, a diploid .............................. is produced which grows into a diploid sporophyte plant on top of the haploid .............................. plant. **See Fig. 13-36**.
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Club Mosses and Horsetails //**
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Ferns //**

**<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Vascular Plant Type 2. SEED-PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS ** · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">have highly specialized organs: .................................., .................................. and .................................. which have allowed them to adapt to a wide variety of environments and are thus the most ...................................... plants on earth · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Vascular plants that produce seeds in .............................., known as .............................. · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Vascular plants that produce seeds in .............................. , known as ..............................
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Two main types: **

· <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">are vascular plants that do not enclose their seeds within a .................................., but they do so within a .................................. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">1. ...................................... 2. ...................................... 3. ...................................... 4. ......................................
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Gymnosperms (naked seed) //**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Groups of gymnosperms include: **

Gymnosperms have two kinds of .............................. 1. .............................. cones (Male cones) - produce .............................. 2. .............................. cones (Female cones) - produce .............................. __<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Life Cycle of a Pine tree __ <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">1. A pine tree is a diploid .............................. plant. 2. In the spring they produce pollen cones which are .............................. and found in clusters. Each scale in the cone contains 2 .............................. . In each sac diploid microspore mother cells undergo to form 4 haploid microspores. Each of these develops into a haploid pollen grain. The seed cones are also small and sticky and, usually pinkish-purple and are found .............................. or in groups of two or three. In each scale there are two .............................. . In each ovule, the megaspore mother cell undergoes .............................. but only one survives as a haploid megaspore, the female gametophyte. 3. When the pollen grains mature, the sacs of the male cones disintegrate and millions of dry pollen grains are released. The pollen grains have little .............................. or wings allow them to be easily carried by the .............................. . When the pollen grains land in the scales of the seed cones the egg is fertilized to produce a haploid .............................. which remains inside the .............................. . The ovule becomes a .............................. which protects the embryo until conditions for germination are suitable. The seeds may fall to the ground or the cones may fall to the ground releasing the seeds. After germination, a .............................. is formed which takes many years to grow into a mature sporophyte pine tree and produce male and female cones of its own. **See Fig. 13.38**. __<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Significance of Gymnosperms __ Ø <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">wood from conifers is referred to as .............................. Ø <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">~ .......... % of Ontario's forests are softwoods used for ........................, ........................

· <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">are plants that produce .............................. and then produce .............................. · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">reproductive part: ..................................
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; font-variant: small-caps;">ANGIOSPERMS (flowering plants) //**


 * **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Sepals and petals **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> — make up the outermost part of the flower ||


 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Stamen **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> - male reproductive part that produces a male gamete called pollen. Consists of the: .............................. and the ...............................

//<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Ovary //<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> produces an egg called the .............................. //<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Stigma //<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> — opening of the carpel where pollen enters
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Carpel **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> - female reproductive part.

__<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Pollination __<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> Angiosperms have developed many ways to transfer pollen 1. Self-Pollination - pollen from the same plant fertilizes the egg 2. Cross-Pollination - pollen is transferred from one plant to another of the same species by wind, water or animals (more common than self-pollination) __<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Adaptation __ · <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">flowers have adapted to specific methods of pollination. Some examples: 1. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">insect-pollinated flowers **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> are usually brightly coloured and produce sweet nectar to attract insects 2. some flowers have developed a special **landing platform** for insects to land 3. some flowers have bright UV colours to attract bees that can see UV light

<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Pollen **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> is produced in the ............................... When the pollen lands on the stigma, it ............................... The pollen grain absorbs nutrients secreted by the stigma, and the cytoplasm in the pollen grain grows out and down into the ovary as a ............................... The pollen enters the ovary via the ................................ (tiny opening). Each pollen grain consists of ...................................... and 2 ................................................ . One of the two nuclei called the ................................................ divides into two .............................................. nuclei. 2. One of the sperm nuclei fuses with the .............................. (ovum) to produce a diploid **zygote**. The other sperm nucleus fuses with the two .............................. of the ovule to become the triploid ............................... 3. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Zygote **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> — develops into an .............................. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Seeds can find their way to suitable soil by: 1. //<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Wind //<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> .............................. 2. //<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Water //<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> .............................. 3. //<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Animal //<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> //fur// .............................. 4. //<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Being eaten //<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">. Birds eat fruits with hard seeds that they do not digest. When eliminated, seeds can germinate in suitable soil far from the parent plant
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">General Angiosperm Life Cycle **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Endosperm **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> — stores .............................. for the developing seed
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Embryo **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> — consists of a miniature root (....................................), a small shoot (..............................) and one to two seed-leaves (............................................)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Ovule **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> — becomes thicker and harder and develops into a ..............................
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Ovary **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> — may become dry and hard to form a .............................. (e.g. .............................. ) or .............................. (e.g. Peas) or it may become .............................. (e.g. tomato, papaya)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Fruit **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> — the fertilized .............................................. of a flower
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Simple fruits **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> — fruits that develop from a single ovary in a .............................. - single flower E.g. tomatoes, plums, pears
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Aggregate fruits **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';"> — fruits that develop from .............................. ovaries in a single flower E.g. raspberries
 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">Seed Dispersal **


 * 1 Source for image: Pearson Education Canada, Inc. 2002. **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif';">2 Source for images: Pearson Education Canada, Inc. 2002 **